Helium-Cooled Magnets Key to High-Luminosity LHC Upgrade

The High-Luminosity Large Hardon Collider (HL-LHC) at CERN was recently upgraded to incorporate superconducting magnets, including niobium-tin quadrupole magnets, capable of generating higher magnetic fields to improve particle beam focus. These magnets, tested at CERN's IT String facility, rely on advanced cryogenic cooling systems using helium to reach 1.9 Kelvin (-271.3°C).

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