Pioneering Uses of Superfluid Helium in Science and Technology

Superfluid helium, particularly helium II, is a critical resource in the scientific and technological sectors due to its unique properties. Widely used in cooling systems at particle accelerators like CERN's Large Hadron Collider, helium II efficiently cools superconducting electromagnets and radio-frequency cavities, enhancing their performance significantly. Additionally, its use extends to space missions, where it was first employed to cool the IRAS space telescope's sensors to detect infrared light effectively. The remarkable capabilities of helium II, such as the ability to transfer via the fountain effect without mechanical pumps, have facilitated experiments and discoveries, highlighting its versatility and indispensable role in advancing modern science.

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